APSC Syllabus, New Exam Pattern CCE 2022-23

Mains Paper 1 Syllabus

Essay Writing:

• Write an essay on a specific topic.
• The topics will be given in the examination.
• Write the essay in the medium or language of your choice.

Paper 2 Syllabus

Indian History, Heritage, Culture, and Society and Geography of the India and World:

• >> Indian culture shall cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
• >> Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, and issues.
• >> The Freedom Struggle and its various stages
• >> Important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country in the freedom struggle.
• >> Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
• >> Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
• >> Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
• >> Effects of Globalization on Indian society.
• >> Social empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism.
• >> Salient Features of India’s and World’s Physical Geography.
• >> Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent).
• >> Factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
• >> Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, tsunamis, Volcanic activity, cyclones etc.
• >> Geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Mains Paper 3 Syllabus

Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations:

• >> Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
• >> Functions and responsibilities of the union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
• >> Separation Of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
• >> Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.
• >> Parliament and State Legislatures structure, functioning, the conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
• >> Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity,
• >> Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
• >> Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
• >> Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-Judicial bodies.
• >> Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.”
• >> Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
• >> Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
• >> Issues relating to the development and management Of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, and Human Resources.
• >> Issues relating to development and management Of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, and Human Resources.
• >> Issues relating to poverty and hunger with emphasis on Assam.
• >> Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance-applications, models, Successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures with emphasis on Assam.
• >> Role of civil services in a democracy.
• >> India and its neighbourhood relations. regional and global groupings and bilateral, agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
• >> Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
• >> Important International institutions, agencies and forums, their structure, and mandate.

Mains Paper 4 Syllabus

Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management:

• >> Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources growth, development and employment inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
• >> Government Budgeting
• >> Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers
• Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping: issues of buffer stocks and food security: Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
• >> Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
• >> Land reforms in India
• >> Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
• Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
• >> Investment models.
• >> Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of Indians in science& technology; indigenization of technology and development of new technology
• >> Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
• >> Awareness in the fields of IT Space, Computers, robotics, Nanotechnology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
• >> Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
• >> Disaster and disaster management with emphasis on Assam.
• >> Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
• >> Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
• >> Challenges to internal security through communication networks, the role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money laundering and its prevention.
• >> Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism with an emphasis on Assam.
• >> Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
• >> Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security
• >> Challenges to internal security through communication networks, the role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money laundering and its prevention.
• >> Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism with an emphasis on Assam.
• >> Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.

Mains Paper 5 Syllabus

Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude:

• >> This paper will include questions to test the candidate’s attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem-solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered.
• >> Ethics and Human Interface- Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships
• >> Human Values- lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; the role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values
• >> Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion
• >> Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections.
• >> Emotional intelligence concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.
• >> Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and the world.
• >> Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations
• and funding; corporate governance.
• >> Probity in Governance: Concept of public service Philosophical basis of 8overnance and probity: Information sharing and transparency in 8overnment, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s
• >> Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption
• >> Case Studies on the above issues

Mains Paper 6 Syllabus

History, Heritage, Culture, Geography, Governance, Polity, Social Justice, International Relations, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management of Assam:

• >> History, Art Culture, Literature, Tradition & Heritage of Assam: Major Landmarks in the History of Assam, Major Dynasties, their Administrative and Revenue systems, Socio-cultural Issues, Freedom Movement Political Awakening and Integration, Salient features of Architecture and Monuments, Arts, Paintings and Handicrafts, Important Works of literature, Fairs, Festivals, Folk Music and Folk Dances, Culture, Tradition and Heritage, Religious Movements, Leading Personalities.
• >> Geography of Assam: Broad physical features, Major physiographic divisions, Natural Resources of Assam, Climate, Natural Vegetation, Forests, Wildlife and Bio-diversity, Mines and Minerals, Population and Major industries.
• >> Political and Administrative System of Assam: Governor, Chief Minister, State Assembly, High Court, Assam Public Service Commission, District Administration, State Human Rights Commission, State Election Commission, State Information Commission, Public Policy, Legal Rights and Citizen Charter.
• >> Economy of Assam: Macro overview of Economy, Major Agricultural, Industrial and Service Sector Issues, Growth, Development and Planning, Infrastructure & Resources, Major Development Projects, Programmes and Schemes.
• Government Welfare Schemes for SC/ST/Backward Class/Minorities/Disabled Persons, Destitute, Women, Children, Old Age People, Farmers& Laborers.
• >> Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management with relevant emphasis on the State of Assam.

Mains Paper 7-8 Syllabus

Click on the links below to see the detailed syllabus of the optional subjects of the APSC Mains exam.

Agriculture Anthropology Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Assamese Bengali Bodo Botany Chemistry Civil Engineering Commerce and Accountancy English Economics Electrical Engineering Geography Geology

History Hindi Law Management Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Medical Science Philosophy Physics Political Science and International Relations Psychology Public Administration Sociology Sanskrit Statistics Zoology

APSC English Syllabus: Optional Paper

The syllabus consists of two papers, designed to test a firsthand and critical reading of texts prescribed from the following periods in English Literature: Paper 1: 1600-1900 and Paper 2: 1900-1990.

There will be two compulsory questions in each paper: (a) A short-notes question related to the topics for general study, and (b) A critical analysis of UNSEEN passages both in prose and verse

PAPER-I

(Answers must be written in English)

Texts for a detailed study are listed below. Candidates will also be required to show adequate knowledge of the following topics and movements

The Renaissance; Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama; Metaphysical Poetry; The Epic and the Mock-epic; Neoclassicism; Satire; The Romantic Movement; The Rise of the Novel; The Victorian Age.

Section A

1. William Shakespeare: King Lear and The Tempest.
2. John Donne. The following poems:
   • Canonization;
   • Death be not proud;
   • The Good Morrow;
   • On his Mistress going to bed;
   • The Relic;
3. John Milton: Paradise Lost, 1, 11, IV, IX.
4. Alexander Pope. The Rape of the Lock.
5. William Wordsworth. The following poems
   • -Ode on Intimations of Immortality.
   • Tintern Abbey.
   • Three years she grew.
   • She dwelt among untrodden ways.
   • Michael.
   • Resolution and Independence.
   • The Worid is too much with us.
   • Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour.
   • pon Westminster Bridge.
6. Alfred Tennyson: In Memoriam.
7. Henrik lbsen: A Doll’s House

Section B

1. Jonathan Swift, Guliver’s Travels.
2. Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice.
3. Henry Fielding. Tom Jones.
4. Charles Dickens. Hard Times.
5. George Eliot. The Mill on the Floss.
6. Thomas Hardy. Tess of the d’Urbervilles.
7. Mark Twain. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

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PAPER-II

(Answers must be written in English)

Texts for a detailed study are listed below. Candidates will also be required to show adequate knowledge of the following topics and movements:

Modernism; Poets of the Thirties; The stream of- consciousness Novel; Absurd Drama; Colonialism and Post-Colonialism; Indian Writing in English; Marxist, Psychoanalytical and Feminist approaches to literature; Post-Modernism.

Section A

1. William Butler Yeats. The following poems:
   • Easter 1916.
   • The Second Coming.
   • A Prayer for my daughter.
   • Sailing to Byzantium.
   • The Tower.
   • mong School Children.
   • da and the Swan.
   • Meru.
   • Lapis Lazuli.
   • The Second Coming.
   • Byzantium.
2. T.S. Eliot. The following poems
   • The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
   • Journey of the Magi.
   • Burnt Norton.
3. W.H. Auden. The following poems:
   • Partition
   • Musee des Beaux-Arts
   • In Memory of W.B. Yeats
   • Lay your sleeping head, my love
   • The Unknown Citizen
   • Consider
   • Mundus Et infans
   • The Shield of Achilles
   • September 1, 1939
   • Petition
4. John Osborne: Look Back in Anger.
5. Samuel Beckett. Waiting for Godot.
6. Philip Larkin. The following poems
   • Next
   • Please
   • Deceptions
   • Afternoons
   • Days
   • Mr Bleaney
7. A.K. Ramanujan. The following poems:
   • Looking for a Cousin on a Swing
   • A River
   • Of Mothers, among other Things
   • Love Poem for a Wife 1
   • Smal-Scale Reflections on a Great House
   • Obituary

(All these poems are available in the anthology Ten Twentieth Century Indian Poets, edited by R. Parthasarthy, published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi).

Section B

1. Joseph Conrad. Lord Jim.
2. James Joyce. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
3. D.H. Lawrence. Sons and Lovers.
4. E.M. Forster. A Passage to India.
5. Virginia Woolf. Mrs Dalloway.
6. Raja Rao. Kanthapura.
7. V.S. Naipaul. A House for Mr. Biswas.

APSC Sanskrit Syllabus: Optional Paper

PAPER-I

There will be three questions as indicated in the Question Paper which must be answered in Sanskrit. The Remaining questions must be answered either in Sanskrit or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.

Section A

1. Significant features of the grammar, with particular stress on Sanjna, Sandhi, Karaka, Samasa, Kartari and Karmani vacyas (voice usages) (to be answered in Sanskrit).
   • (a) Main characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit language
   • (b) Prominent feature of classical Sanskrit language
   • (c) Contribution of Sanskrit to linguistic studies
2. General Knowledge of
   • (a) Literary history of Sanskrit
   • (b) Principal trends of literary criticism
   • (c) Ramayana
   • (d) Mahabharata
   • (e) The origin and development of literary genres of Mahakavya, Rupaka (drama), Katha, Akhyayika, Campu, Khandakavya, and Muktaka Kavya.

Section B

4. Essential of Indian Culture with stress on:
   • (a) Purusärthas
   • (b) Samskäras
   • (c) Varnäsramavyavasthã
   • (d) Arts and fine arts
   • e) Technical Sciences.
5. Trends of Indian Philosophy
   • (a) Mimansã
   • (b) Vedänta
   • (c) Nyaya
   • (d) Vaisesika
   • (e) Sänkhya
   • (f) Yoga
   • (g) Baudcha
   • (h) Jaina
   • (i) Carvakaoxe to msuine
6. Short Essay (in Sanskrit)
7. Unseen passage with the questions (to be answered in Sanskrit).

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PAPER-II

The question from Group 4 is to be answered in Sanskrit only. Questions from Groups 1, 2 and 3 are to be answered either in Sanskrit or in the medium opted by the candidate.

Section A

General study of the following groups

Group 1

• (a) Raghuvamsam-Kalidasa
• (b) Kumarasambhavam-Kalidasa
• (c) Kiratarjuniyam-Bharavi
• (a) Sisupalavadham-Magha
• (e) Naisadhiyacaritam-Sriharsa
• (f) Kadambari-Banabhatta
• (g) Dasakumaracaritam-Dandin
• (h) Sivarajyodayam-S.B. Varnekar

Group 2

• (a) Isāvāsyopanisad
• (b) Bhagavadgită
• (c) Sundarakanda of Valmik’s Ramayana
• (d) Arthasastra of Kautilya

Group 3

• (a) Svapanavasavadattam-Bhasa
• (b) Abhijnanasakuntalam-Kalidasa
• (c) Mricchakatikam-Sudraka
• (d) Mudraraksasam-Visakhadatta
• (e) Uttararamacaritam-Bhavbhuti
• (f) Ratnavali–Sriharshavardhana
• () Venisamharam-Bhattanarayana

Short notes in Sanskrit on the following

Group 4

• (a) Meghadutam-Kalidasa
• (b) Nitisatakam-Bhartrhari
• c) Panchatantra
• (d) Rajatarangini-Kalhana
• (e) Harsacaritam-Banabhatta
• (f) Amarukasatakam-Amaruka
• (h) Gitagovindam-Jayadeva.

Section B

This section will require first-hand reading of the following selected texts:-(Questions from Groups 1& 2 are to be answered in Sanskrit only) Questions from Groups 3 and 4 are to be answered either in Sanskrit or in the Medium opted by the candidate.

Group 1

• (a) Raghuvamsam-Canto l, Verses 1 to 10
• (b} Kumarasambhavam-Canto 1, Verses 1 to 10
• (c) Kiratarjuniyaue-Canto 1, Verses 1 to 10

Group 2

• (a) Isavasyopanisad-Verses-1, 2, 4,6, 7, 15 and 18
• (b) Bhagavadgita ll Chapter Verses 13 to 25
• (c) Sundarakandam of Valmiki Canto 15, Verses 15 to 30 (Geeta Press Edition)

Group 3

• (a) Meghadutam-Verses 1 to 10
• (b) Nitisatakam-Verses 1 to 10 (Edited by D.D. Kosambi Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Publication
• (c) Kadambari-Sukanasopadesa (only)

Group 4

• (a) Svapnavasavadattam Act VI
• (b) Abhijnansakuntalam Act IWerses 15 to 30 (M.R. Kale Edition)
• (c) Uttararamacaritam Act IVerses 31 to 47 (M.R. Kale Edition).

APSC Chemistry Syllabus: Optional Paper

PAPER-I

1. Atomic Structure: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Schrodinger wave equation (time independent}; Interpretation of wave function, particle in one- dimensional box, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom Wave functions; Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.
2. 2. Chemical bonding: Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments; Valence bond theory, the concept of resonance and resonance energy; Molecular orbital theory (LCAO method); bonding H2 +, H2 He2+to Ne2, NO, Co, HF, CN-, Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond length.
3. Solid State: Crystal systems; Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell; Bragg’s law; X-ray diffraction by crystals; Close packing, radius ratio rules, calculation of some limíting radius ratio values; Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl, CaF2; Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semi-conductors.
4. The Gaseous State and Transport Phenomenon: Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, critical phenomena and liquefaction of gases; Maxwell’s distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion; Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal gases.
5. Liquid State: Kelvin equation; Surface tension and surface energy, wetting and contact angle, interfacial tension and capillary action.
6. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various processes, entropy-reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions; Thermodynamic equation of state; Maxwell relations; Temperature, volume and pressure dependence of U, H, A, G, Cp and Cv, a and b; J-T effect and inversion temperature; criteria f equilibrium, the relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem, the introductory idea of the third law of thermodynamics.
7. Phase Equilibria and Solutions: Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids-upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities, their significance and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination.
8. Electrochemistry: Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and transport properties. Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells and its applications fuel cells and batteries. Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface; rate of charge transfer, current density; overpotential; electroanalytical techniques amperometry, ion selective electrodes and their use.
9. Chemical Kinetics: Differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions; Rate equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; Branching chain and explosions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant. Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods. Collisions and transition state theories.
10. Photochemistry: Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields
11. Surface Phenomena and Catalysis: Adsorption from gases and solutions on solid adsorbents; Langmuir and B.E.T. adsorption isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts
12. Bio-inorganic Chemistry: Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion-transport across the membranes (molecular mechanism), oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferredoxins.
13. Coordination Chemistry
    • Bonding in the transition of metal complexes. Valence bond theory, crystal field theory and its modifications; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spectra of metal complexes.
    • isomerism in coordination compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planar complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.
    • EAN rule, Synthesis structure and reactivity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds.
    • Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure and bonding in metal olefin complexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and their characterization; Compounds with metal bonds and metal atom clusters.
14. Main Group Chemistry: Boranes, borazines, phosphazenes and cyclic phosphazene, silicates and silicones, Interhalogen compounds; Sulphur-nitrogen compounds, and noble gas compounds.
15. General Chemistry of P Block Element: Lanthanides and actinides: separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties; lanthanide contraction.

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PAPER-2

1. Delocalised Covalent Bonding: Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, and sydnones.
   • i) Reaction mechanisms: General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanisms or organic reactions: isotopies, method crossover experiment, intermediate trapping, stereochemistry; the energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions.
   • (iii) Reactive intermediates Generation, geometry, stability and reactions of carbenium ions and carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.
   • (iii) Substitution reactions-SN 1, SN 2, and SN i, mechanisms; neighbouring group participation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compounds including heterocyclic compounds Pyrrole, furan, thiophene and indole.
   • (iv) Elimination reactions-E1, E2 and Elcb mechanisms; orientation in E2 reactions Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic syn elimination-acetate pyrolysis, Chugaey and Cope eliminations.
   • (v)Addition reactions-Electrophilic addition to C=C and CC; nucleophilic addition to C-0, CN, conjugated olefins and carbonyls
   • (vi) Reactions and Rearrangements-a) Pinacolpinacolone, Hoffmann, Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements. (b) Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen, Wolf-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis, Bischler- Napieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.
2. Pericyclic reactions-Classification and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann rules-electrocyclic oreactions, cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic shifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5], FMO approach.
3. (i) Preparation and Properties of Polymers: Organic polymers polyethene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, nylon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber. (ii) Biopolymers: Structure of proteins, DNA and RNA
4. Synthetic Uses of Reagents: Os04, HI04, Cro3, Pb(OAc)4, Se02, NBS, B2H6, Na-Liquid NH3, LiAIH4, NaBH4, n-BuLi, MCPBA
5. Photochemistry:-Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states, singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type l and Type lI reactions.
6. Spectroscopy: Principle and applications in structure elucidation
   • (i) Rotational-Diatomic molecules; isotopic substitution and rotational constants.
   • (ii)Vibrational-Diatomic molecules, linear triatomic molecules, specific frequencies of functional groups in polyatomic molecules.
   • (iii) Electronic-Singlet and triplet states. n°p” and p°p transitions; application to conjugated double bonds and conjugated carbonyls Woodward-Fieser rules; Charge transfer spectra.
   • (iv) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 HNMR): Basic principle; chemical shift and spin-spin interaction and coupling constants
   • (v) Mass Spectrometry:-Parent peak, base peak, metastable peak, Mclafferty rearrangement.

APSC History Syllabus: Optional Paper

PAPER-I

1. Sources

• Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments.
• Literary sources:
• Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature. Foreign account: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers

2. Pre-history and Proto-history: Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (palaeolithic and mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic).

3. Indus Valley Civilization: Origin, date, extent, characteristics-decline, survival and significance, art and architecture

4. Megalithic Cultures: Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.

5. Aryans and Vedic Period: Expansions of Aryans in India: Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.

6. Period of Mahajanapadas: Formation of States (Mahajanapada): Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.

7. Mauryan Empire: Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration, Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature. The disintegration of the empire; sungas and Kanvas

8. Post-Mauryan Period (indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas) Contact with the outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.

9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India: Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration, Economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam Literature and culture; Art and architecture.

10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas: Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women, Education and educational institutions Nalanda, Vikramshila and Valabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture

11. The regional States during Gupta Era: The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta, Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Aliberuni, The Chaluky as of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas Polity and Administration; Local Government; Growth of art and architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.

12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History: Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.

13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200

• Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs.
• The Cholas: administration, village economy and society “Indian Feudalism”.
• Agrarian economy and urban settlements.
• Trade and commerce.
• Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order.
• Condition of women.
• Indian science and technology.

14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200:

• Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa.
• Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism.
• Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India.
• Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting

15. The Thirteenth Century

• Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions-factors behind Ghurian success.
• Economic, Social and cultural consequences.
• Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans.
• Consolidation: The rule of
• Iltutmish and Balban.

16. The Fourteenth Century:

• “The Khalji Revolution”.
• Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measure.
• Muhammad Tughlug: Major projects, agrarian measures, the bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughlug.
• Firuz Tugluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and ibn Battuta’s account.

17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:

• Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, and Sufi movement.
• Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, and the evolution of composite culture.
• Economy: Agricultural Production, the rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce.

18. The Fifteénth and Early Sixteenth Century-Political Developments and Economy:

• Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat.
• Maiwa, Bahmanids.
• The Vijayanagara Empire.
• Lodis.
• Mughal Empire, first phase: Babur, Humayun.
• The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s administration.
• Portuguese colonial enterprise, Bhakti and Sufi Movements.

19. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century-Society and culture:

• Regional cultures specficities.
• Literary traditions.
• Provincial architectural.
• Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.

20. Akbar:

• Conquests and consolidation of empire
• Establishment of jagir and mansab systems
• Rajput policy.
• Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh–Kul and religious policy.
• Court patronage of art and technology.

21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:

• Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
• The Empire and the Zamindars.
• Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.
• Nature of the Mughal State.
• Late Seventeenth Century crisis and the revolts.
• The Ahom kingdom.
• Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.

22. Economy and society, in the 16th and 17th Centuries:

• Population Agricultural and craft production.
• Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies: a trade revolution.
• Indian mercantile classes. Banking, insurance and credit systems.
• Conditions of peasants, Condition of Women.
• Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth

23. Culture during Mughal Empire:

• Persian histories and other literature
• Hindi and religious literature.
• Mughal architecture.
• Mughal painting
• Provincial architecture and painting.
• Classical music.
• Science and technology.

24. The Eighteenth Century:

• Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
• The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh
• Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas.
• The Maratha fiscal and financial system.
• The emergence of Afghan power Battle of Panipat, 1761
• State of, political, cultural and economic, on eve of the British conquest.

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PAPER-II

1. European Penetration into India:

The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal-The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.

2. British Expansion in India:

Bengal-Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.

3. Early Structure of the British Raj:

The Early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt’s India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The Voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.

4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:

(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian arrangements; Commercialization of labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.

(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; Deindustrialisation; Decline of crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services, Famine and enterprise and its limitations.

5. Social and Cultural Developments:

• The traditional poverty in the rural interior; European business
• The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy,
• literature and public opinion; The rise of reform movements in India including
• introduction of western education In India; The rise of the press, modern vernacular literature; the Progress of Science; Christian missionary activities in India.

6. Social and Religious Reform Movements in Bengal and other areas:

• Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar, The Young Bengal Movement; Dayananda Saraswati; The social Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of the Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism-the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.

7. Indian Response to British Rule: Peasant movement and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900) of 1857-Origin, character, casuses of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post- 1857 period; the peasant movements of the (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60),

The Great Revolt

the

1920s and 1930s.

8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism

Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress, The

Safety-valve

thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.

Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi

9. Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian nationalism; Gandhi’s popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.
10. Constitutional Developments in Colonial India between 1858 and 1935.
11. Other strands in the National Movement. The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P. the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, and other left parties.
12. Politics of Separatism; the Muslim League; the Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; independence
13. Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru’s Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.
14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947; Backward Castes and Tribes in post-colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.

15. Economic development and political change; Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post-colonial India; Progress of Science
16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas:

(i) Major Ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau.

(ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies

(iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism

17. Origins of Modern Politics

(i) European States System

(ii) American Revolution and the Constitution

(iii) French Revolution and Aftermath, 1789-1815

(iv) American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery

(v) British Democratic politics, 1815-1850: Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.

18. Industrialization:

(i) English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society.

(ii) Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan.

(iii) Industrialization and Globalization.

19. Nation-State System:

(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century.

(ii) Nationalism: State-building in Germany and Italy.

(iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the Wor

20. Imperialism and Colonialism

(i) South and South-East Asia.

(iii) Latin America and South Africa.

(iii) Australia.

(iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.

21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution:

(i) 19th Century European revolutions.

(iii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921.

(iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany

(iv) The Chinese Revolution of 1949.

22. World Wars:

(i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications.

(ii) World WarI: Causes and Consequences.

(iii) World War ll: Causes and Consequences.

23. The World after World War l:

(i) The emergence of Two power blocs.

(ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment

(iii) UNO and the global disputes

24. Liberation from Colonial Rule:

(i) Latin America-Bolivar.

(ii) Arab World-Egypt.

(iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy.

(iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam.

25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment:

(i) Factors constraining Development; Latin America, Africa

26. Unification of Europe:

(i) Post-War Foundations; NATO and European Community

(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of the European Community

(iii) European Union.

27. The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World

(i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet Communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991.

(ii) Political Changes in East Europe 1989-2001.

(iii) End of the Cold War and US Ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.

APSC Agriculture Syllabus: Optional Paper

Agriculture Paper-I: >> Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agro ecology; cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Climate change-international conventions and global initiatives. Greenhouse effect and global warming Advance tools for ecosystem analysis Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). >> Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country, Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of various cropping, and farming systems. Organic and Precision farming. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops. >> Important features, and scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agro-forestry, and natural forests: Propagation of forest plants. Forest products. Agro-forestry and value addition. Conservation of forest flora and fauna. >> Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds. >> Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Soils of India. Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertiliser recommendations, integrated nutrient management Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in the soil, nitrogen use efficiency in submerged rice soils, and nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient phosphorous and potassium use. Problem soils and their reclamation. Soil factors affecting greenhouse gas emission. >> Soil conservation, integrated watershed management. Soil erosion and its management, Dry land agriculture and its problems. Technology for stabilising agriculture production in rainfed areas. >> Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, the effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution. Irrigation projects in India. >> Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resource use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems. Marketing management strategies for development, market intelligence. Price fluctuations and their cost role of cooperatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy. Crop Insurance. >> Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big. small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; Training programmes for extension workers. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in the dissemination of Agricultural technologies. Non-Government Organisation (NGO) and self-help group approach for rural development.

Agriculture Paper-II: >> Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Synthesis, structure and function of genetic material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and aneuploids. Mutation-and their role in crop improvement. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classífication and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters. >> History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants, the centre of origin, the law of homologous series, crop genetic resources-conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants. Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement. Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections, combining ability, and its significance in plant breeding. Heterosis and its exploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop improvement Genetically modified crop plants. >> Seed production and processing technologies. Seed certification, Seed testing and storage. DNA finger printing and seed registration. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, and marketing. Intellectual Property Rights (1PR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture. >> Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil-water-plant relationship. >> Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis-modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and anaerobic respiration; C3, CA and CAM mechanisms Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Plant 8rowth substances and their role in crop production. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy. Stress physiology-draught, salt and water stress. >> Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices and flower crops. Package practices of major horticultural crops. Protected cultivation and high-tech horticulture. Post-harvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition >> Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and their economic importance. Classification of pests and diseases and their management. Integrated pest and disease management. Storage pests and their management. Biological control of pests and diseases. Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases. Plant quarantine measures. Pesticides, their formulation and modes of action. >> Food production and consumption trends in India. Food security and growing population-vision Reasons for grain surplus. National and International food policies. Production, procurement, distribution constraints. Availability of foodgrains, per capita expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, Public Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policy implementation in context to globalisation. Processing constraints. Relation of food production to National Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. Food-based dietary approaches to eliminate hunger. Nutrient deficiency-Micro nutrient deficiency Protein Energy Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and HRD in the context of work capacity of women and children. >> Food grain productivity and food security.

APSC Anthropology Syllabus: Optional Paper

Anthropology paper 1: 1.1 Meaning, Scope and development of Anthropology. 1.2 Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities. 1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance: (a) Social-cultural Anthropology. (b) Biological Anthropolog. (c) Archaeological Anthropology. (d) Linguistic Anthropologie 1.4 Human Evolution and the emergence of Man : (a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution. (b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post- Darwinian). (c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution). 1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications. 1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following: (a) Plio-preleisto cene hominids in South and East Africa-Australopithecines. (b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus (heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis. (c) Neanderthal man-La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type). (d) Rhodesian man. (e) Homo saoiens-Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede. 1.7 The biological basis of Life The Cel, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division. 1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods. (b) Cultural Evolution-Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures (i) Paleolithic (ii) Mesolithic (iii) Neolithic (iv) Chalcolithic (v) Copper-Bronze Age (vi) Iron Age 2.1 The Nature of Culture: The concept and Characteristics of culture and civilization; Ethnocentrism vis-a-vis cultural Relativism. 2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institution; Social groups; and Social stratification. 2.3 Marriage hypogamy, incest taboo); Type of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).tea z Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, 2.4 Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family. 2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation; Decent and Alliance. 3. Economic Organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology: Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing the production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems. 4. Political Organization and Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple Societies. 5. Religion: Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant Societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch) 6. Anthropological theories (a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer) (b) Historical particularism (Boas) Diffusionism (British, German and American) (c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown) (d) Structuralism (L’evi-Strauss and E. Leach) e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora-du Bois) (0 Neo-evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service) (E) Cultural materialism (Harris) (h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz) (i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin) (j) Post-modernism in anthropology. 7. Culture, Language and Communication: Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social context of language use. 8. Research methods in Anthropology : (a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology (b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology (c) Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, case study, genealogY, life- history, oral history, secondary sources of information, and participatory methods. (d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. 9.1 Human Genetics: Methods and Application: Methods for the study of genetic principles in a man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies. 9.2 Mendelian genetics in the man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man. 9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages. a 9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology (a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders). (b) Sex chromosomal aberration- Klinefelter (X0), Turner (XO), Super female (Xx), intersex and other syndromic disorders. (c) Autosomal aberrations-Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes. (d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study. 9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man. 9.6 Age, sex and population variation as a genetic marker: ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes, Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socioeconomic groups 9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology: Bio-cultural Adaptations-Genetic and Non-genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude climate. 9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases, Nutritional deficiency-related diseases. 10. Concept of human growth and Development: Stages of growth-pre-natal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.-Factors affecting growth and development are genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic. Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations-Biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies. 11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials. 11.2 Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural. 11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality. 12. Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipment, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics-Paternity diagnosis, genetic counselling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.

Anthropology paper 2: 1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization- Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic-Chalcolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures. Contributions of the tribal cultures to Indian civilization. 1.2 Palaeo-Anthropological evidence from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man). 1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethnoarchaeologY; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts producing communities. 2. Demographic profile of India-Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population factors influence its structure and growth. 3.1 The structure and nature of traditional Indian social system-Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth. e boo 3.2 Caste system in India- Structure and characteristics Varna and caste, Theories of origin of the caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system. Tribe-case continuum. 3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex. 3.4. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society. 4. Emergence, growth and development in India- Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies. 5.1 Indian Village-Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages. 5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic status. ives 5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of sociocultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati Raj and social change; Media and Social Change. 6.1 Tribal situation in India-Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic. characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. 6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities-Land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health and nutrition. 6.3 Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal populations. 7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. 7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections. 7.3 The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.h 8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies. 8.2 Tribe and nation state-a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries. 9.1 History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. The concept of PTGS (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, and special programmes for their development. Role of N.G.0.s in tribal development. 9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development. 9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements.

APSC Economics Syllabus: Optional Paper

PAPER-1

1. Advanced Micro Economics
   • (a) Marshalian and Varrasiam Approaches to Price determination.
   • (b) Alternative Distribution Theories; Ricardo, Kaldor, Kaleki
   • (c) Markets Structure: Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Oligopoly.
   • (d) Modern Welfare Criteria: Pareto Hicks and Scitovsky, Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, A. K. Sen’s Social Welfare Function.

2. Advance Macro Economics
   • Approaches to Employment Income and Interest Rate determination: Classical, Keynes (IS)-LM) curve, Neo-classical synthesis and New classical, Theories of Interest Rate determination and interest Rate Structure.

3. Money-Banking and Finance:
   • (a) Demand for and Supply of Money: Money Mulftiplier Quantity Theory ofMoney (Fisher, Money, Goals and Instruments of Economies. Relation between the Central Bank and the Pique and Friedman) and Keyne’s Theory on Demand for Monetary Management in Closed and Open Treasury.Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.
   • (b) Public Finance and its Role in market Economy: In stabilisation of supply, allocative, of resources and in distribution and development. Sources of Government revenue, forms of Taxes and Subsidies, their incidence and effects. Limits to taxation, loans, crowding-out effects and limits to borrowings. Public expenditure and its effects.

4. International Economics
   • (a) Old and New Theories of International Trade.
     • (i) Comparative advantage,
     • (i) Terms of Trade and Offer Curve.
     • (ii) Product Cycle and Strategic Trade Theories.
     • (iv) Trade as an engine of growth and theories of underdevelopment in an open economy.
   • (b) Forms of Protection: Tariff and quota.
   • (c) Balance of Payments Adjustment: Alternative Approaches.
   • d) Price versus income, income adjustments under fixed exchange rates.
     • (i) Theories of Policy Mix.
     • (ii) Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility.
     • (iv) Floating Rates and their implications for Developing Countries: Currency Boards.
     • (v) Trade Policy and Developing Countries.
     • (vi) BOP, adjustments and Policy Coordination in open economy macromodel.
     • (vii) Speculative attacks.
     • (vii) Trade Blocks and Monetary Unions.
     • (ix) WTO: TRIMS, TRIPS, Domestic Measures, Different Rounds of WTO talks.

• Growth and Development
  • (a) (i) Theories of growth: Harrod’s model;
  • (ii) Lewis model of development with surplus labour
  • (iii) Balanced Unbalanced Growth.
  • (iv) Human Capitals and Economic Growth
  • (v) Research and Development and Economic Growth.
  • (b) Process of Economic Development of less developed countries: Myrdal and Kuzments on economic development and structural change: Role of Agriculture in Economic Development of less developed countries.
  • (c) Economic Development and International Trade and Investment, Role of Multinationals.
  • (d) Planning and Economic Development: changing role of Markets and Planning, Private-Public Partnership.
  • (e) Welfare indicators and measures of growth-Human Development Indices. The basic needs approach.
  • (f) Development and Environmental Sustainability-Renewable and Non-renewable Resources, Environmental Degradation, Intergenerational equity development

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PAPER-2

Indian Economics in Post-Independence Era:

• Land System and its changes, Commercialization of agriculture Drain theory, Laissez faire theory and critique.
• Manufacture and Transport: Jute, Cotton, Railways, Money and Credit.

Indian Economy after Independence:

A. The Pre-Liberalization Era:

• (I) Contribution of Vakil, Gadgil and V.K.R.v. Rao.
• (ii) Agriculture: Land Reforms and land tenure system, Green Revolution and capital formation in agriculture.
• (ii) Industry Trends in composition and growth, Role of the public and private sector, small scale and cottage industries.
• (iv) National and Per capita income: Patterns, trends, aggregate and sectoralcomposition and changes therein.
• (v) Broad factors determining National Income and distribution, Measures of poverty, Trends in poverty and inequality.

B. The Post-Liberalization Era

• (i) New Economic Reform and Agriculture: Agriculture and WTO, Food processing, Subsidies, Agricultural prices and public distribution system, the impact of public expenditure on agricultural growth.
• (ii) New Economic Policy and Industry: Strategy of industrialization, Disinvestments, Privatization, Role of foreign direct investment and multinationals.
• (iii) New Economic Policy and Trade: Intellectual property rights: Implications of TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS and new EXIM policy.
• (iv) New Exchange Rate Regime: Partial and full convertibility, Capital account convertibility.
• (v) New Economic Policy and Public Finance: Fiscal Responsibility Act, Twelfth Finance Commission and Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Consolidation.
• (vi) New Economic Policy and Monetary System. Role of RBl under the new regime.
• (vii) Planning: From central Planning to indicative planning, Relation between planning and markets for growth and decentralized planning: 73rd and 74 Constitutional amendments.
• (viii) New Economic Policy and Employment: Employment and poverty, Rural wages, Employment Generation, Poverty alleviation schemes, New Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.